Index:
1-
DNA deterioration
(Aging, Graying)
2-
Humans Genetics
Drifting
3-
“Out of Africa” vs.
“Out-of-Arabia” Theory?
4-
Tribes and Nations
5-
Arabia Nature during
Prehistory Times
Before start talking about the Prophets, lets
mention some important facts about Humans development after Adam mentioned in
the holy Quran and compare them with Science recent findings.
----------------
1- DNA deterioration (Aging,
Graying)
Following to Part 17 (Adam & Eve), we
mentioned that Humans creation were huge in size and lived for long age, that
can reach 1000 of years, and Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) mentioned in one of his
Hadiths that Prophet Ibrahim (PBUH) was the first one to see the gray hair over
his head, and this indication that ageing was not common in Early humans but
appeared in later generations. But can we prove this scientifically? Let’s
see..
[Science]
Quoted from - Aging and Death May be a Product of Evolution [1]:
We think of aging as undesirable, something
that inevitably occurs in all living things and that we as
humans would like to avoid or eliminate altogether.
The science of aging research
has discovered that aging and death indeed occurs in all living
things and is highly conserved across all species.
Theories to date have consistently postulated that aging and death
happens due to failures in cells from work and environmental insult,
increasing inability to correct such damage
and eventual senescence of the cell.
In a new thesis, scientist André C.
R. Martins of the University of San Paolo Brazil proposes that aging and death like every
other process in living things may actually be a desirable product of
evolution, and not due to failure after all.
It is clear that living things, humans
included, have comprehensive, precise, and redundant systems for repairing
damage and largely rejuvenating cells and organs. It would make sense,
therefore that creatures could live indefinitely. However, contrary to this there does seem to be an intrinsic
preprogrammed system designed to ensure the animal ages and dies.
Quoted from: Is the DNA of mankind
deteriorating at a little with each new generation? [2]
These data confirm human devolution and
suggest imminent permanent genetic extinction in this century.
"In 1997 from genetic testing, the
estimate was that everyone on average carried six genetic disorders (Gargus, 1997).
The extrapolation suggests that by 2033 the average for
every man, woman and child may be 60 or more genetic disorders. The data
indicate that the greatest mass extinction in the history of the planet is in
progress in nonhuman life forms at a rate of 30,000 extinctions per year and
accelerating (Leakey and Lewin, 1996, Chapter 13; Mass Extinction References,
1998). The clear message is that mutations accelerate the permanent extinction
of all life forms, including humans. There can be no greater imperative than
educating students and parents to those facts."
Quoted from: Is the DNA of mankind deteriorating at a
little with each new generation? [3]
Recently a top geneticist used a computer
to classify known mutations; his results were 186 beneficial mutations vs.
453,732 harmful mutations. That's a ratio of 1 to 2,439! There's no way any species
could live long enough to evolve if every "good" change in a genotype
or phenotype was followed by thousands of bad ones. See Sanford, J., Genetic
Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome, Lima, NY, Elim Publishing, 2005, pg. 26.
"Dr. John Sanford, a retired Cornell
Professor, shows in Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome that the
"Primary Axiom" is false. The Primary Axiom is the foundational
evolutionary premise - that life is merely the result of mutations and natural
selection. In addition to showing compelling theoretical evidence that whole genomes
cannot evolve upward, Dr. Sanford presents strong
evidence that higher genomes must in fact degenerate over time. This
book strongly refutes the Darwinian concept that man is just the result of a
random and pointless natural process. "
[Quran]
From above explanation, we understand the
following:
- Human system as any other living system has a repair mechanism to repair and replace its damaged cells, but it stops on certain time where person will start ageing.
- There are evidences that ageing is an evolution process that is continuously developing.
- DNA human is deteriorating and more genetic disorders will appear in future on humans that we never saw before.
In the following verse, there is an
indication to reverse of a system that cause Ageing, ALLAH says:
ومن نعمره ننكسه في الخلق افلا يعقلون
And he whom We grant long
life, We reverse him in creation (weakness after strength). Will they not then
understand? (36:68)
The verse refer to something that is
reversed in human body that causes him to be back in creation, which can be
referred only to the repairing system that will stop and cause aging.
[Hadith]
The following Hadith mentions clearly
that before End Times "Deformation" will be common and clearly
noticed in humans, and this can be caused by DNA deterioration (ALLAH knows
better if it will be the only cause).
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) says:
بين يدي الساعة مسخ ، و خسف ، و قذف- الراوي: عبدالله
بن مسعود المحدث: الألباني السلسلة الصحيحة - خلاصة:
صحيح بشواهده
“Before the Last Hour comes, there will be Deformation
(in humans), (Land) Subsidence, and Stoning (From sky).”
2- Humans Genetics Drifting
[Science]
Quoted from: Genetic Distance between
Autochthonous Human Populations [4]
"Genetic drift" is
the phenomenon by which small mutations in DNA (or RNA, and the proteins that
are coded by them) add random variations over time to genetic material.
Between human populations, there is
always much less than 0.1% difference. What these differences are and how much
they vary can be used to construct a tree showing the relationships between
human populations.
Another interesting feature of the chart
is the closeness of American Indians to modern population across Europe, the
Middle East, and northern East Asia. Thus, curiously, Europeans are more
closely related to American Indians than to Polynesians. Finally, it is
noteworthy that skin color is not at all helpful is providing clues to genetic
affinity. The darkest colored people on earth, in Africa, India, Melanesia, and
Australia, are scattered between groups that are only distantly related. Dark
skin color is certainly a function of living under the equatorial sun for many
generations, but all human populations have the genetic wherewithal to make
that adaptation.
[Quran]
As explained above that due to genetics
drifting in humans new races were created from previous races that may not have
same attributes such as: skin color, height, hair, eyes, lips, etc…
Such important concept in genetics is
mentioned in the following miraculous verse in the Holy Quran:
وربك الغني ذو الرحمة ان يشا يذهبكم ويستخلف من بعدكم ما يشاء كما
انشاكم من ذرية قوم اخرين
And your Lord is Rich (Free of
all wants), full of Mercy, if He wills, He can destroy you, and in your place
make whom He wills as your successors, as He raised you from the seed
of other people. (6:133)
The verse clearly mentions that God can
replace us or any group of humans by other people very easily, similarly as he
created them from other (different) people seeds! Of course before
understanding genetics it was difficult to understand what does it mean.
The following chart shows that journey of
human races and how new races were developed during their human journey, the
data and figures in the below chart is taken from National Geography -
Genographic project website.[5]
3- “Out of Africa” vs.
“Out-of-Arabia” Theory?
[Science]
Quoted from: New Research Confirms 'Out Of
Africa' Theory Of Human Evolution [6]
ScienceDaily (May 9,
2007) — Researchers have produced new DNA evidence that almost certainly
confirms the theory that all modern humans have a common ancestry. The genetic
survey.
The research
confirms the “Out Of Africa” hypothesis that all modern
humans stem from a single group of Homo sapiens who emigrated from Africa 2,000
generations ago and spread throughout Eurasia over thousands of years. These
settlers replaced other early humans (such as Neanderthals), rather than
interbreeding with them.
Until now, one of the main reasons for doubting the “Out Of
Africa” theory was the existence of inconsistent evidence in Australia. The skeletal and tool remains that have been found there are
strikingly different from those elsewhere on the “coastal expressway” – the
route through South Asia taken by the early settlers.
Some scholars argue that these discrepancies exist either
because the early colonists interbred with the local Homo erectus population,
or because there was a subsequent, secondary migration from Africa. Both
explanations would undermine the theory of a single, common origin for
modern-day humans.
But in the latest research there was no evidence of a
genetic inheritance from Homo erectus, indicating that the settlers did not mix
and that these people therefore share the same direct ancestry as the other
Eurasian peoples.
Quoted from: Following the First Steps out
of Africa [7]
Science-Daily (Jan.
26, 2012) — The timing and pattern of the migration of early modern humans has
been a source of much debate and research.
"A major
unanswered question regarding the dispersal of modern humans around the world
concerns the geographical site of the first steps out of Africa," explains
senior study author, Dr. Luísa Pereira from the Institute of Molecular
Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto in Portugal (IPATIMUP). "One popular model predicts that the early stages of the
dispersal took place across the Red Sea to southern Arabia, but direct genetic
evidence has been thin on the ground."
The
researchers found evidence for an ancient ancestry within Arabia. Professor Richards,
who is now Professor of Archaeogenetics at the University of Huddersfield,
concludes: "Taken together, our results suggest that Arabia was indeed the
first staging-post in the spread of modern humans around the world."
Quoted from: Could the World All Be Genetically Arab, Says
New DNA Evidence [8]
Many scholars believe our forefathers left the Horn of
Africa and headed north, which would take them to what is now Egypt. From
there, it is theorised, they spread through North Africa and the Levant to the
rest of the world.
But another theory
suggests the world's first modern immigrants might have taken a different
route: the so-called southern route through Yemen and across the Arabian
Peninsula.
This would mean that
most non-Africans in the world today are descended from those pioneers who made
their home in what are now Arab lands.
That view is supported by a research paper released in an
American journal last month.
In it, an
international team of scientists explains how they used sophisticated genetic
analysis techniques to come up with new evidence supporting the view that
Arabia was indeed the first place where our migrating ancestors settled.
According to one of the academics involved in the study, it
is likely that they passed along the southern coast of the peninsula before
crossing into the territory that today makes up the UAE.
Professor Martin
Richards of the University of Leeds said: "The timing and pattern of the
migration of early modern humans has been a source of much debate and research.
"Our new
results suggest that Arabia, rather than North Africa or the Near East, was the
first staging post in the spread of modern humans around the world."
The research was led by the by the UK's University of Leeds
and the University of Porto in Portugal.
[Quran]
In the
following verse, the first house built on Earth was Al-Kaabah in Arabia, ALLAH
says:
إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَيْتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِي بِبَكَّةَ
مُبَارَكًا وَهُدًى لِّلْعَالَمِينَ 96 فِيهِ آيَاتٌ بَيِّنَاتٌ مَّقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمَن
دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ
سَبِيلاً وَمَن كَفَرَ فَإِنَّ اللَّه غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ
97
Verily,
the first House (of worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah),
full of blessing, and a guidance for Al-'Alamîn (the mankind and jinn). (96) In
it are manifest signs (for example), the Maqâm (place) of Ibrâhim (Abraham);
whosoever enters it, he attains security. And Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah) to
the House (Ka'bah) is a duty that mankind owes to Allâh, those who can afford
the expenses (for one's conveyance, provision and residence); and whoever
disbelieves [i.e. denies Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah), then he is a disbeliever
of Allâh], then Allâh stands not in need of any of the 'Alamîn (mankind and
jinn and all that exsists). (3:97)
[Hadith]
In the
following Hadith, it’s mentioned that Adam and Eve “Hawwa” were the first who
built the house of God, Al-Kaaba in Makkah (Saudi Arabia), and Adam was the
first man to perform pilgrimage ever, but later on "House of God" was
destroyed during following centuries till Noah who built it again, but also was
destroyed till the times of Ibrahim and his son Ishmael who rebuilt it, then Ishmael's
sons with the surrounding Arabs maintained the Kaabah till our days:
بعث الله جبريل إلى آدم وحواء فقال لهما ابنيا لي
بيتا فخط لهما جبريل فجعل آدم يحفر وحواء تنقل حتى أجابه الماء نودي من تحته حسبك
يا آدم فلما بنيا أوحى الله تعالى إليه أن يطوف به وقيل له أنت أول الناس وهذا أول
بيت ثم تناسخت القرون حتى حجه نوح ثم تناسخت القرون حتى رفع إبراهيم القواعد منه
الراوي: عبدالله بن عمرو بن العاص المحدث: ابن كثير - المصدر:
البداية والنهاية - الصفحة أو الرقم: 2/277. خلاصة حكم المحدث: تفرد به ابن لهيعة هكذا مرفوعا وهو ضعيف
ووقفه على عبد الله بن عمرو أقوى وأثبت.
[Analysis]
Question: Why Scientists like to mention that Africa is
the original of Human species?
The reason is because most of what is called Human
Erectus' remains were found so close to the Equator in Africa, so in order to
complete the missing link of Human evolution (from ape to Human) they wanted to
link between them, as a result of finding "Human" ancestors in Africa
then early humans must left and dispersed from there too.
But in reality, many researchers say that such remains
are for apes and there is no clear evidence that these belong to humans, and
linking together is only to complete the story that Atheists like to repeat.
But as mentioned above, the most recent study shows
that first existing of Humans was in Arabia, and being all linked to African
attributes (brown skin) is because Adam was brown, and as explained in the
Hadiths and verses, it shows that Adam and his wife and later on their children
lived mainly in Arabia, but they were traveling a lot over Earth and all the
south Coast of Asia till India, and may be further.
4- Tribes
and Nations
[Science]
Quoted from Wikipedia - Nation [9]
A nation may refer to a community of
people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it
can also refer to people who share a common territory and government (for
example the inhabitants of a sovereign state) irrespective of their ethnic
make-up.
Quoted from Wikipedia - Tribe [10]
A tribe, viewed historically or
developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of,
or outside of, states. Many anthropologists use the term tribal
society to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship,
especially corporate descent groups (see clan and kinship).
Some theorists hold that tribes represent a
stage in social evolution intermediate between bands and states. Other
theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of
their relationship to, states.
[Quran]
As explained above that humans social
evolution start from family, bands, tribes, till nations and states. But during
the early humans times they lived all for centuries as one nation.
They stayed like one nation till the early
humans start diverting from their original religion and form worshiping the
only God "ALLAH", who he sent them Prophets and Messengers to guide
them back to the straight path. But, they started to divide into different
nations, and every group and tribe traveled into different direction, and start
to colonize separated regions on Earth, mainly the reason is that believers
left the unbelievers main group and tried to live far from them, and build
their own society.
The following verses from Quran and
Hadith give indication to this evolution sequence:
The Early Humans lived as one
nation before Prophets and Messengers came to them, and Noah was the first
Messenger between him and Adam (although there were other prophets before him
like Seth and Idriss), and we estimated that it was almost 10 generations
between Adam and Noah or 10,000 years (ALLAH knows better).
ALLAH says:
كان الناس امة واحدة فبعث الله النبيين مبشرين ومنذرين وانزل معهم
الكتاب بالحق ليحكم بين الناس فيما اختلفوا فيه وما اختلف فيه الا الذين اوتوه من
بعد ما جاءتهم البينات بغيا بينهم فهدى الله الذين امنوا لما اختلفوا فيه من الحق
باذنه والله يهدي من يشاء الى صراط مستقيم
Mankind were one community and Allâh
sent Prophets with glad tidings and warnings, and with
them He sent the Scripture in truth to judge between people in matters wherein they differed. And
only those to whom (the Scripture) was given differed concerning it after clear
proofs had come unto them through hatred, one to another. Then Allâh by His
Leave guided those who believed to the truth of that wherein they differed. And
Allâh guides whom He wills to a Straight Path. (2:213)
وما كان الناس الا
امة واحدة فاختلفوا ولولا كلمة سبقت من ربك لقضي بينهم فيما فيه يختلفون
Mankind were but one community, then
they differed (later), and had not it been for a
Word that went forth before from your Lord, it would have been settled between
them regarding what they differed (10: 19)
The division of one nation into tribes and
nations is mentioned in the following verse:
يا ايها الناس انا خلقناكم من ذكر وانثى وجعلناكم شعوبا وقبائل
لتعارفوا ان اكرمكم عند الله اتقاكم ان الله عليم خبير
O mankind! We have created you
from a male and a female, and made you into nations
and tribes, that you may know one another.
Verily, the most honourable of you with Allâh is that (believer) who has
At-Taqwa [i.e. he is one of the Muttaqûn (pious - see V.2:2). Verily, Allâh is
All-Knowing, All-Aware. (49:13)
[Hadith]
As we mentioned before that because of the
flood, Noah is the second Father for all humans after Adam, his three sons were
the second fathers of the main groups in the world which matches with the
genetic division of the humans: African, North Eurasian, and South Asian. The
main division of Early humans into 3 groups is mentioned in the following
Hadith:
ولد نوح ثلاثة : فسام أبو
العرب، و حام أبو الحبشة، و يافث أبو الروم - الراوي:
عمران بن حصين و سمرة بن جندب
المحدث: السيوطي - المصدر: الجامع الصغير- خلاصة
حكم المحدث: صحيح
“Noah had three: Sam father of
Arabs (South Asian), Ham father of Ethiopian (African), Japheth father of Roman
(Eurasian).
The below chart is one of many that shows the
division of human races into 3 main groups, but not necessary it matches
exactly what is mentioned in Hadith as it’s not final, and scientists are still
updating such trees.
Destruction of old Nations:
Scientists always discussed the reasons
behind the extinct of some human groups completely, and some referred that many
causes, such as: diseases, fighting with other neighbor nations, or natural
disaster.
ALLAH gives the answer for such
extinction in many verses in the holy Quran, and it's because the punishment
that he sent on the infidels that destroyed them all, and kept some of the
homes or constructions just as reminder who may come after them or pass by
their villages.
وكم اهلكنا من قرية بطرت معيشتها فتلك مساكنهم لم تسكن من بعدهم
الا قليلا وكنا نحن الوارثين
And how many a town (population) have We
destroyed, which were thankless for its means of livelihood (disobeyed Allâh,
and His Messengers, by doing evil deeds and crimes) ! And those are their
dwellings, which have not been inhabited after them except a little. And
verily! We have been the inheritors. (28:58)
وكم اهلكنا من القرون من بعد نوح وكفى بربك بذنوب عباده خبيرا بصيرا
[17:17]
And how many generations have We destroyed
after Nûh (Noah)! And Sufficient is your Lord as an All-Knower and All-Beholder
of the sins of His slaves. (17:17)
فكاين من قرية اهلكناها وهي ظالمة فهي خاوية على عروشها وبئر معطلة
وقصر مشيد
And many a township did We destroy while it was
given to wrong-doing, so that it lies in ruins (up to this day), and (many) a
deserted well and lofty castle! (22:45)
وَكَمْ قَصَمْنَا مِن قَرْيَةٍ كَانَتْ ظَالِمَةً وَأَنشَأْنَا بَعْدَهَا
قَوْمًا آخَرِينَ 11فَلَمَّا أَحَسُّوا
بَأْسَنَا إِذَا هُم مِّنْهَا يَرْكُضُونَ 12لا تَرْكُضُوا وَارْجِعُوا إِلَى مَا أُتْرِفْتُمْ فِيهِ وَمَسَاكِنِكُمْ
لَعَلَّكُمْ تُسْأَلُونَ 13قَالُوا يَا وَيْلَنَا إِنَّا كُنَّا ظَالِمِينَ
14فَمَا زَالَت تِّلْكَ دَعْوَاهُمْ حَتَّى
جَعَلْنَاهُمْ حَصِيدًا خَامِدِينَ 15
How many a town (community), given to
wrong-doing, have We destroyed, and raised up after them another people! (11)
Then, when they perceived (saw) Our Torment (coming), behold, they (tried to)
flee from it. (12) Flee not, but return to that wherein you lived a luxurious
life, and to your homes, in order that you may be questioned. (13) They cried:
"Woe to us! Certainly! We have been Zâlimûn (polytheists, wrong-doers and
disbelievers in the Oneness of Allâh)." (14) And that cry of theirs ceased
not, till We made them as a field that is reaped, extinct (dead). (21:15)
5- Arabia Nature during Prehistory
Times
As mentioned before in previous part that
Earth was passing through an ice age and during that time Arabia was covered by
gardens and forests, full of rivers and lakes, as shown in the below images [12][13]:
[Hadith]
In the following Hadith, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
mentioned 2 signs of the End Times:
- The increase of money that if someone wants to give the poor he will not find any who accept to take money.
- That land of Arabia returns land of gardens and rivers as it was before, and this refers to its nature during the old times or Early humans times.
لا تقوم الساعة حتى يكثر المال ويفيض . حتى يخرج الرجل بزكاة
ماله فلا يجد أحدا يقبلها منه . وحتى تعود أرض العرب مروجا وأنهارا .الراوي:
أبو
هريرة المحدث: مسلم
- المصدر:
صحيح مسلم - الصفحة أو الرقم:
157 - خلاصة حكم المحدث: صحيح
Thanks to ALLAH, Lord of the Worlds
References:
[1] Aging and Death May be a Product of
Evolution, Extreme Longevity, http://extremelongevity.net/2011/09/27/aging-and-death-may-be-a-product-of-evolution/
[2] Evolution Is Lethal Antiscience, Joseph
Mastropaolo, http://www.josephmastropaolo.com/PDF/evoletha.pdf
[3] Yahoo answers, http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101119120150AAxQdrT
[4] Genetic Drift, Genetic Distance Between Autochthonous Human
Populations http://donsnotes.com/science/biology/genetic_drift.html
[5] The genorgraphic Project, National
Geographic, https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html
[6] New Research Confirms 'Out Of Africa'
Theory Of Human Evolution, ScienceDaily http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070509161829.htm
[7] Following the First Steps out of
Africa, Science Daily, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120126123701.htm
[8] Could the world All Be Genetically
Arab, Albawaba, http://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/arabia-could-be-home-humanitys-ancient-origins-dna-evidence-shows-412247
[10] Wikipedia.com, Tribe, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe
[11] The various options for the
migration out of Africa, For what they were, we are, http://forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html
[12] Past Horizon, A lost Prehistoric
Oasis in the Gulf, http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/12/2010/a-lost-prehistoric-oasis-in-the-persian-gulf
God is powerful
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