Continued from Part 17-A, Creation of Adam and Human Evolution…
Index:
1- Creation of Eve
2- Descending on Earth
3- First Generation of Humans on Earth
4- Physical Attributes of Early Humans
5- Main question of “Journey of Man”?
6- Human’s Basic Knowledge
7- Ice Age
----------------
1- Creation of Eve (Hawwa)
Why “Eve” was created from a bone?
Before answering this question, let’s review some scientific facts on adult stem cells and cloning.
[Science]
Quoted from Wikipedia - Stem cells
Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.
Stem cells can be taken from a variety of sources, including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies. [1]
Quoted from: Adult Stem Cells
You can think of adult stem cells as our built-in repair kits, regenerating cells damaged by disease, injury and everyday wear and tear. These undifferentiated cells reside among other differentiated cells in a tissue or organ; they divide and become specialized to repair or replace the surrounding differentiated cells. A common example of adult stem cells is hemopoietic stem cells, which are found in red bone marrow. These stem cells differentiate into various blood cells (red blood cells, lymphocytes, platelets). For example, red blood cells are not capable of reproducing and survive for about 28 days. To replace worn-out red blood cells, hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow divide and differentiate into new red blood cells. [2]
Man carrying woman’s Chromosomes
Quoted from: Y-Chromosome
How do males and females differ? Seen through a biologist’s eyes, the most basic difference between males and females is that all females have two copies of the "so-called" X chromosome. The X chromosome is about the same size as other 22 human chromosomes, which also occur in pairs, and like them is packed with some 1000 genes.
This view of males as females with an extra gene has a profound implication -- that there is very little genetic difference between the sexes, just a gene or so.
The human Y chromosome contains not one or two active genes, but 78! Some like SRY are concerned with male development, most of the others with sperm production and fertility. A few, like “hairy ear,” have no obvious role in sex. One of this later group makes a component of ribosomes (complex tiny engines in the cell which assemble proteins), meaning that every ribosome in a man’s body is slightly different from those in a woman’s. [3]
Quoted from: How Organ Cloning Could Work
The most common method of therapeutic and reproductive cloning is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). SCNT involves removing the nucleus from a donor egg, and replacing it with the DNA from the organism meant to be cloned. Scientists could potentially clone organs with SCNT by cloning embryos, extracting the stem cells from the blastocyst, and stimulating the stem cells to differentiate into the desired organ. Coaxing a human stem cell to become a liver, for instance, will require further research. [4]
Quoted from: More misleading headlines about so called "cloning breakthrough"
But this traditional cloning technique, tried and tried again, has been unsuccessful. In humans the cloned embryos do not continue dividing and no stem cells are harvested. So this time scientists decided to leave the nucleus of the egg alone and just insert the 46 chromosomes of the patient making an embryo with 69 chromosomes, a serious genetic condition called triploidy, which is nearly always fatal before birth.
The embryonic stem cells extracted from these genetically disabled embryos also had 69 chromosomes. So unless the patient cloned also had triploidy, there is no way these cells are "tailor-made." They instead have half of another person's genome in them as well. How is that "patient-specific?"
Many people have been asking me why? Why do such an experiment? The answer is quite simple. Pluriptoency. Researchers want pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent is a term used to describe a cell that is undifferentiated. A pluripotent cell can become most or all of the cell types in the body.
So why is pluripotency desirable? Well, it was thought that best way to get any kind of cell that was needed for therapy was to start with a pluripotent cell and differentiate it into the cell type of interest. Scientists envision taking pluripotent stem cells and making them into any kind of cell they wanted or any kind of cell the patient needs.
The good news is that recently scientists have been able to induce pluripotency without creating embryos or using eggs. They are able to take a fully differentiated cell like a skin cell and reprogram it back to pluripotency. These are called induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. Instead of ripping open embryos or using eggs to create cloned embryos, iPSC technology uses other means like placing the differentiated cells in certain chemicals that reprogram them back to pluripotency. [5]
[Analysis]
To summarize what’s mentioned above:
- Stems cells are cells that can divide and generate other cells, and can be taken from bones marrows or embryonic cells.
- Cloning by taking nucleolus of egg cell and replace it with other cell’s nucleus didn’t work for humans.
- Scientists used pluripotency techniques to produce stem cells that can divide by itself by introducing additional nucleus (more chromosomes).
- Technically every man carries woman chromosomes (X) but without additional backup chromosomes, plus additional y-chromosome which make the female into male form.
Now, returning to Eve creation story, we know that she was created from Adam’s rip (bone), not necessary by taking the bone out of his body because it’s not missing from human body, but from cells of his bone marrow, then if we use the “pluripotency” method by introducing both chromosomes from Adam (male) on this cells, what we will have?
As described in the next figure, that using 2 males nucleuses cells can give 4 options, 2 males which will not be needed, and lethal too, plus one creature of XX chromosomes which is the “Female”.
This was done by God only in a form that can’t be explained, but theoretically speaking it shows that sources of XX female chromosomes can come from male chromosomes and if this technique “pluripotency” was to be successful by scientists, then an “Eve” can be made from any male person (but ALLAH knows if it can be successful on Earth or not?).
ALLAH described this process in the following verse:
يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُواْ رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا وَبَثَّ مِنْهُمَا رِجَالاً كَثِيرًا
O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], and from them both He created many men and women; [4:1]
هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَجَعَلَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا لِيَسْكُنَ إِلَيْهَا
It is He Who has created you from a single person (Adam), and (then) He has made from him his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], in order that he might enjoy the pleasure of living with her." [7:189]
خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا
He created you (all) from a single person (Adam); then made from him his wife [Hawwa' (Eve)].[39:6]
ALLAH explains that he created Adam first and then he made (and created) from him, or in another words his bone’s cells, his wife Eve, which can refer to the process described above which technically is called “Cloning”, and can explain how EVE got the XX chromosomes from Adam. The whole process shown below (but ALLAH knows better).
2- Descending on Earth
It’s not possible to prove where Adam had descended on Earth scientifically, except that it was mentioned in the Hadith that it was somewhere in India, but there is a mountain in Sri Lanka called “Adam peak”, and has a print of Adam’s foot and it’s the only place on Earth with such trace. Knowing that Sri Lanka was in contact with main Indian land during the ice age, as will be shown next.
3- First Generation of Humans on Earth
Quoted from Wikipedia: Mitochondrial Eve
In the field of human genetics, Mitochondrial Eve refers to the matrilineal "MRCA" (most recent common ancestor). In other words, she was the woman from whom all living humans today descend, on their mother's side, and through the mothers of those mothers and so on, back until all lines converge on one person. Because all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is generally passed from mother to offspring without recombination, all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in every living person is directly descended from hers by definition. Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilineal most recent common ancestor, although they lived thousands of years apart.
The date when Mitochondrial Eve lived is estimated by determining the MRCA of a sample of mtDNA lineages. In 1980, Brown first proposed that modern humans possessed a mitochondrial common ancestor that may have lived as recently as 180 kya. In 1987, Cann et al. suggested that mitochondrial Eve may have lived between 140-280 kya.
Not a contemporary of "Adam"
Sometimes mitochondrial Eve is assumed to have lived at the same time as Y-chromosomal Adam, perhaps even meeting and mating with him. Like mitochondrial "Eve", Y-chromosomal "Adam" probably lived in Africa; however, this "Eve" lived much earlier than this "Adam" – perhaps some 50,000 to 80,000 years earlier. [6]
Quoted from: An Immense Difference
Now, at first glance it would seem that 223 genes is no big deal. In fact, while every single gene makes a great difference to every individual, 223 genes make an immense difference to a species such as ours….. So, 223 genes is more than two thirds of the difference between me, you and a chimpanzee!
An analysis of the functions of these genes through the proteins that they spell out, conducted by the Public Consortium team and published in the journal Nature, shows that they include not only proteins involved in important physiological but also psychiatric functions. Moreover, they are responsible for important neurological enzymes that stem only from the mitochondrial portion of the DNA – the so-called “Eve” DNA that humankind inherited only through the mother-line, all the way back to a single “Eve.” That finding alone raises doubt regarding that the "bacterial insertion" explanation. [7]
[Analysis]
As summary for the scientific explanation, that Eve is the mother of all living humans, and it’s the exact meaning of the name “Hawaa, EVE in Arabia” is the mother of all humans.
The problem in the above explanation that Eve and first common ancestor don’t match, and this because the mismatching between Adam and Noah, and the Islamic description for the increase of humans since Adam clarifies this issue, as following:
1- Adam and Hawaa were living thousands of years in Heaven till they ate from the forbidden tree which caused them to descend to Earth, and this was shown in somehow that Eve’s mtDNA dating was thousands of years old, even 100’s of thousands of years, and there is nothing to relate with apes ancestors remains found in east Africa (e.g. Homo erectus, H. habilis).
2- Knowing that even in heaven, some of the DNA were developed in paradise and this explains that part of the 223 “alien” genes had physiological effect, and because of that all humans dream in heaven or Utopia (perfect society) and looks for it.
They all wish to have their own homes with garden and water running beside them, this to remind them by the heaven that our parents once were there, it was not taught for us while we were children but embedded in our blood “cells”.
3- The first generation to exist on Earth after Adam and Eve were their 40 “girl and boy” twins, who were allowed to marry each others but not between the twin brothers themselves, the second generation came after their grandchildren marrying their cousins.
4- The difference between the nearest common ancestor “i.e. second Adam” and Eve is true and both of them never met, because the second common ancestor was prophet Noah who came 10 generations later, and all humanity since then are of his offspring,
ALLAH clearly stated that in the holy Quran:
وَلَقَدْ نَادَانَا نُوحٌ فَلَنِعْمَ الْمُجِيبُونَ 75 وَنَجَّيْنَاهُ وَأَهْلَهُ مِنَ الْكَرْبِ الْعَظِيمِ 76 وَجَعَلْنَا ذُرِّيَّتَهُ هُمْ الْبَاقِينَ 77
And indeed Nûh (Noah) invoked Us, and We are the Best of those who answer (the request). (75) And We rescued him and his family from the great distress (i.e. drowning), (76) And, his progeny, them We made the survivors (i.e. Shem, Ham and Japheth). [37:75-77]
The whole process of the diffusion of early humans on Earth is explained in the following figure:
4- Physical Attributes of Early Humans
Huge Human Size
[Science]
There is a lot of debate whether early humans were giants in size or not, most of the scientists refuse the idea and reject it completely, because it contradicts with the evolution of humans from apes and the whole “out-of Africa” theory. So, many claim that all photos taken for giant skeletons findings are a “Photoshop” work.
Regardless of such claim, I will paste some pictures of such findings and leave it to the viewer to judge. Knowing that Islamic and Christians resources both agree that previous humans were giants in size, but prophet Muhammad (PBUH) explained clearly that the tallest one was our father “Adam” who were 30 meters in height, then all humanity decreased in size later on till we reach our current size.
The following images show some of huge skeletons findings as per the reference [8].
In addition to the graves of some known prophets in Middle East show that their graves are of huge size, such as:
- Abil son of Adam
- Prophet Saleh
- Prophet Job
- Prophet David.
Knowing that humans with huge size can give answers for most of the mysteries constructions in the world, that can’t be built by human normal size with basic tools and instruments, it’s impossible !!
The constructions shown in the below figures are the following:
- The Moai Statues, Easter Island
- Temple of Jupiter, Balbaak, Lebanon
- Stonehenge, England
- Pyramid of the Sun, Mexico
- Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
- Madaen Saleh, Saudia Arabia
- Petra, Jordon
Age, Strength and Children
After searching in many science resources, they may agree that early humans had more children to help their families in framing. But they don’t state clearly how much in average, but the Holy Quran states clearly that early humans were much stronger and had more children, and this means in tens or even in hundreds of children and grand children. ALLAH says:
كالذين من قبلكم كانوا اشد منكم قوة واكثر اموالا واولادا
Like those before you: they were mightier than you in power, and more abundant in wealth and children. [9:69]
وقالوا نحن اكثر اموالا واولادا وما نحن بمعذبين
And they say: "We are more in wealth and in children, and we are not going to be punished." (34:35)
Also, I couldn’t find science findings that state lifespan of early human were in hundreds of years, but Christian resources match with Islamic in such detail, they match in Noah age exactly by stating the “950 years” period both in Holy Quran and Old Testament:
In the Holy Quran
ولقد ارسلنا نوحا الى قومه فلبث فيهم الف سنة الا خمسين عاما فاخذهم الطوفان وهم ظالمون
And indeed We sent Nûh (Noah) to his people, and he stayed among them a thousand years less fifty years, and the Deluge overtook them while they were Zâlimûn (wrong-doers, polytheists, disbelievers). (Quran, 29:14)
In Old Testament:
29 And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: and he died. [Genesis 9:29]
5- Main Question of “Journey of Man”?
Before knowing what such question is, we need to know why the age, number of children, and strength of Early Humans were so important?
It was essential that early humans be of huge size otherwise the spreading over earth would take too much time and human species existence would be in danger always, especially against the beasts and natural threats on the new planet.
Comparing the distance that can be crossed by current human size or early human size will find the following that if daily walked distance for a human of 1.80 m height is between 20-30 km, then for early human size of 20 meters height will be = 270 – 430 KM, which means in some efforts they can cross 1000 thousands in 2 days only.
This also explains the Hadith: why Adam was able to perform pilgrimage from India to Makkah every year walking, as it will take around 10 days to cross 5000 km in average.
And also, explains the Hadith that states that “Ishmael son of Ibrahim” was the first human on Earth to use horses, this because during his time their height decreased to level that they need to ride the animals to cross long distances and their height was short enough to ride the horses.
This also explains the speed of human dispersion over Earth, they were able to cross huge distances and return back to their origin homes in few weeks or months in average. Therefore, they had the courage to leave their homes without the fear of leaving their families behind them for long time or having the fear from not seeing them again.
Also, this explains how humans were able to cross south coast of Asia from Arabia through India tell Australia in such short period, that they lived there since 50,000 years ago !!
All these will give answers on Mr. Spencer Wells question mentioned in his very famous documentary: “The Journey of Man”, in the following video
Min 6:00-6:31: “If our ancestors made the Journey I believe that they did it, they would have to be super humans, the speed, strength, and resilience required to conquer the World defies belief, and yet there it’s written in our blood !!”
Min 8:00-8:12: “And in by new year’s days, our ancestors had made it to the farthest corners of the globe, but how they could do such journey so suddenly, so swiftly, and so successfully ??!”
Having such enormous height explains the drawings found on some caves’ ceilings that were discovered to be done by Children, imagine who will carry his children to draw such wide drawings [9] on 10-20 meters cave’s roof during that old time, except that those children were themselves of 10-15 meters high.
Finally, their strength, wealth, and numerous of children explains the immense constructions that they were able to build (e.g. pyramids) that smallest block weighted 10’s of tons and they were able to construct millions of tons of blocks and raise them till 137m height, which till our days it’s a complete outstanding miracle.
5- Human’s Basic Knowledge
Quoted from: Early Humans More Advanced Than Thought
In S. Africa, sophisticated tool-making techniques show up 55,000 years earlier than expected. Early humans were using a highly skilled stone tool sharpening method 75,000 years ago in Africa, more than 50,000 years earlier than previously believed, a new study indicates.
This adds more evidence that modern behavior developed over time during the Middle Stone Age rather than after our ancestors migrated from Africa to Europe, as some scientists have thought.
Researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the delicate technique -- called "pressure flaking" -- was used by anatomically modern humans at Blombos Cave in South Africa during the Middle Stone Age. Previously, the earliest evidence of pressure flaking was from 20,000 years ago in France and Spain.
"This finding is important because it shows that modern humans in South Africa had a sophisticated repertoire of tool-making techniques at a very early time," study co-author Paola Villa, a curator at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, said in a university news release. [10]
[Analysis]
This proves what is mentioned in part 1, that Adam was taught by God on the names of everything in Earth, and explained that these names are not only the noun names but their use in life, as it was training for Adam for the coming life on Earth and how to survive there. And this knowledge was transferred from Adam to his children and because of that they were able to survive on Earth alone and spread quickly all over the globe.
6- Ice Age
We mentioned in part 1, during Jesus second return the Earth will be in the same form like Adam’s times, and it was described in Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Hadith that it will like a bowl of Silver !! This means that Earth will be in an Ice age similar to what it was during Adam’s times.
So whether an ice age during Adam’s times, let’s refer to some scientific studies about Earth climate 100,000 years ago.
[Science]
Quoted from: The Last Glaciation
An Overview of Global Glaciation From 110,000 to 12,500 Years Ago
The world's most recent glacial period began about 110,000 years ago and ended around 12,500 years ago. The maximum extent of this glacial period was the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and it occurred around 20,000 years ago.
Although the Pleistocene Epoch experienced many cycles of glacials and interglacials (the warmer periods between the colder glacial climates), the last glacial period is the most heavily studied and best known portion of the world's current ice age, especially with regard to North America and northern Europe.
The Geography of the Last Glacial Period
At the time of the LGM (map of glaciation), approximately 10 million square miles (~ 26 million square kilometers) of the earth was covered by ice. During this time, Iceland was completely covered as was much of the area south of it as far as the British Isles. In addition, northern Europe was covered as far south as Germany and Poland. In North America, all of Canada and portions of the United States were covered by ice sheets as far south as the Missouri and Ohio Rivers.
The Southern Hemisphere experienced the glaciation with the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered Chile and much of Argentina and Africa and portions of the Middle East and Southeast Asia experienced significant mountain glaciation. [11]
[conclusion]
Therefore, it’s true during Adam’s times there was an Ice age, and this will lead us to determine the time of Jesus second return (PBUH) to Earth, i.e. when Earth enters again in new Ice age period, then Jesus arrival will be very close.
Thanks to ALLAH, Lord of the Worlds
References:
[1] Wikipedia, Stem Cell, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell
[2] How stuff works, How stem cells work? http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/cellular-microscopic/stem-cell3.htm
[3] Txt writer.com, The Y Chromosomes: Men Really are Different, http://txtwriter.com/onscience/articles/ychromosome.html
[4] How stuff works.com, Cloned organ transplant, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/genetic/cloned-organ-transplant1.htm
[5] Marymeetsdolly.com, More misleading headlines about so called "cloning breakthrough", http://www.marymeetsdolly.com/blog/index.php?/archives/1083-More-misleading-headlines-about-so-called-cloning-breakthrough.html
[6] Wikipedia, Mitochondria Eve, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve
[7] World Mysteries, Human Genome, http://www.world-mysteries.com/sci_1.htm
[8] Love for Life, Giant Humans and Dinosaurs, http://loveforlife.com.au/node/7178
[9] The Telegraph, Children's prehistoric cave paintings discovered http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/8798392/Childrens-prehistoric-cave-paintings-discovered.html
[10] Bloomberg Business week, Early Humans More Advanced than Thought, http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/644930.html
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